Showing posts with label Orange County Brewers Guild. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Orange County Brewers Guild. Show all posts

Wednesday, November 24, 2021

Thanksgiving 2021: A Sense of Normal with a Feast for the Senses



What a past couple of years they have been. Not at all what we all were hoping for or wanted or may have predicted, I’m certain of that. But we can at least take a day to feel thankful for the little things and be hopeful for a light at the end of this virus-laden tunnel.

A quick digression: The history of this Holiday is unquestionably disturbing, and the day is also one of respect to our Natives. While some may demonstrate thanks to a deity or in a secular fashion as I do, let’s please also pay respects and not ignore the unfortunate past.

Last year, 2020, I tested positive for COVID-19 early in November. This meant a couple of things. One, thanksgiving was initially going to be a bit delayed while I was isolated for two weeks. And two, my sense of taste and smell was muted (a common symptom of the SARS-CoV-2 virus) and research proved correct with me as it did take a while for them to return.

How can one enjoy this day when the wonderful aromas and tastes all resemble the same bland flavor? I can’t begin to express how upset this makes me...

Needless to say, last year we had a virtual dinner apart from each other for everyone’s safety.

Well, it’s 2021 now, we are all fully vaxed, keeping the gathering to immediate family, and we will give this whatever-normal-is-now a try. This year’s dinner lineup contains a few surprises some may find it interesting, and some may find it odd. In the spirit of coming together, I think this is the one way, if nothing else, I can symbolically set aside differences to encourage acceptance, tolerance, and the motivation to endure these past stressful 19+ months.

In this comprehensive post, I’ll outline the itinerary for this flavor playground I get to play in once a year. Just a bit further down is the projected lineup for this year with the food pairings that my siblings and I will make for our family. Use these as suggestions, not as dogma, and explore what suits your palate.

A quick note on pairing food and beer. First and most importantly, remember to match the intensity of both. The impact on the palate of each one should be about equal. Then, play with interactions between flavors; sweet, salt, sour, bitter, umami, and emerging flavors/sensations such as fat and carbonations. Use these interactions to achieve the so-called three C’s; Cut, Contrast, and Compliment. Cut can be referred to as Cleanse. Carbonation (The 4th C?), Bitterness, and/or Acidity can act as a cutting agent. Contrast is best explained as opposites attract. Flavors contrast to create a pleasant or unique experience. Think sweet and sour, for example. Compliment refers to common flavors, affinity, or harmonizing two or more flavors in a dance. Think about the char on grilled meats (Millard reaction) and roasted malts.

A good pairing might only target one, a better pairing might accomplish two, but some of the best pairings achieve all three!

Morning Brew

Can’t say I’ve been drinking all day without starting in the morning. A warm, spiked cup-a-Joe, a mild stick to burn, and Pan Dulce. Rise and shine!

My choice: Irish Coffee (Mild arabica coffee, Jameson Irish Whisky, honey, and whipped cream).

Hydration

Quick interjection here. With so much booze going around on this day of gluttony, it is of the utmost importance to pace yourself, have composure, and have an abundance of hydration.

Day-Drinkin’

After some hydration, let’s crack open the first beer! I’d opt for a crisp beer with some bitterness to wake the senses up a bit more. A traditional Pilsner works just fine here. A unique choice could also be a Flanders Red or a fruited sour to slap those taste buds awake if they are still asleep.

My choice: Smooth Translation Kölsch by Green Cheek

Lunch

It’s become something of a tradition now in our home. My father and I take an unconventional route for a light lunch and make Ceviche. The entire family munches on it around mid-day before my siblings and I begin to rotate in the kitchen making our assigned side dishes for dinner. For this, I reach for something with some acidity and a slight funk to complement the freshness of the Ceviche. A balanced Gueuze or similar with our Ceviche is one of my favorite pairings.

My choice: Spontanaheim 2020 by Bruery Terruex

Apéritif

My father and I love to exchange stories and enjoy a nice beer. After lunch, we have about an hour before the cooking begins. Something with character but take notice not to ruin your pallet. Bitterness tends to increase one’s appetite, so try not to reach for the IPA’s just yet.

My choice: Magic of the Moment German Pils by Radiant

Appetizer

Here is where some meats and cheeses come into play. I try to have variety on my charcuterie boards as to have something for everyone to enjoy. If you’re only doing some heavy cheeses (aged cheddars or rambunctious blues) you can bring out your hoppy Pales and IPA’s. The cutting power of the hops helps lift the fats and complements the unctuousness of some intense cheeses. There are plenty of amazing Pale’s and IPA’s out there if that’s what you’re looking for. A Wit is a wonderful pairing if you have prosciutto with goat cheese specifically. Something acidic will help cut through the fat of the goat and other fatty cheeses. If wine is your game, a well-aged German Riesling should work nicely here, too. This year we kept it simple with some medium-aged cheddar, piquant blue, creamy chèvre, and firm manchego. For these, a Pale over an IPA should be a friendlier pair, although the chèvre might cause a battle. I’ll sip the Riesling with that one.

My choices: 2012 Dr. Loosen German Riesling Kabinett, Big Star by Stereo

Intermezzo

Time to reset the palate and take a break before the big dinner. Pause for hydration and then a dry, crisp seltzer or a tart fruited kettle sour will do the trick. A few bites of a fresh fruit are welcomed here, too. Then, more water!

My choice: Fil’s Hard Lemonade Seltzer by Bearded Tang

Dinner

Argued in his book “The Brewmasters Table,” Garrett Oliver proclaims there is no other choice for Thanksgiving dinner than a Bière de Garde. The subtle sweetness in the beer, particularly in the darker versions, pairs perfectly with the poultry, the yeasty spices will latch on to the stuffing, and the carbonation will wash away the mouth-coating mashed potatoes and gravy. While a Saison, Belgian Strong Ale (Dark or Golden, depending on the food), or Tripel may prove suitable substitutes since local Bière de Garde’s are difficult to find, other malty styles can prove wonderful at the table. Brown Ales, Scottish Ales, American Ambers, Irish Reds, and malty Lagers like Märzen or Dunkel can hold their own just fine with this kind of meal. A Hazy Ale might yield an interesting result too if that’s a style you enjoy. This year, I’m going to be a bit daring and reach into my cellar for a tart beer with some age. It may backfire, but the dark fruit notes in one should complement the bird, salty side dishes should be tamed, and tangy acidity could cut through any fats and oils leftover.

My choice: Oude Tart with Cherries (2013) by The Bruery

Dessert

Sweetness in most desserts can easily cloy the palate. Therefore, coffee is usually the drink used to contrast this. It’s also why we can easily substitute espresso with a big, roasty Imperial Stout, particularly those barrel-aged and more naturally still if infused with coffee themselves. But things can get boring if you stick with the usual. Have fun with it! Traditional pumpkin pie? Try it with Barleywine or Scotch Ale to add some caramel flavors, non-barrel-aged coffee stouts with some residual sweetness to contrast (which is what I’ll do this year), or a spiced holiday beer to resonate with the pie. Pecan pie with a big beer like mentioned above to take on the stickiness. Don’t forget fruited sours. They can resonate wonderfully with some deserts. There are so many ways to go here. Just keep intensities equal and you’ll be alright. I’m looking forward each year to opening one of my favorite bourbon barrel-aged (BBA)stouts. This year we are having Cheesecake, as well. It may not be traditional, but a BBA Stout pairs well with them, especially if they have a cherry drizzle.

My choice: Darkstar November 2020 and Vlad the Barista

Digestif

Time to slow down. And the bloated gut and tryptophan may have something to do with it. Many select a coffee to keep from nodding off. Some prefer Brandy (like my Pops!). Others still prefer a cocktail or a glass of wine. All are great choices. It is all about what one enjoys, after all. I’ll be indulging with a dram of Scotch with notes of oranges marmalade, nutmeg, walnuts, and cinnamon to kickstart digestion.

My choice: The Dalmore 12 Year Single Malt Highland Scotch.

Cigars

I’ve lined up some sticks to have during the day if time allows for it. The only two where it is more certain than not are during the morning brew and at the end of the evening. For my morning coffee, I’d normally the smooth My Father Flor de las Antillas and for the Digestif at the end of the night to complement my Dalmore I was thinking to elected the succulent Oliva Serie V Meliano. But, I may dive into my stash of Cubans for this day. Not sure yet, but either way it will be pleasant and enjoyable.

It's almost time! There will undoubtedly be more to drink than what is listed here as these are just suggestions in the end. After not gathering in 2020, the anticipation for making up for that absence is, dare I say, palpable. The urge to celebrate will surely take over.

For those that are celebrating this year (safely! Please get those boosters!), have a wonderful Thanksgiving, my friends.

Cheers!

Gilbert “Charlie” Perez, Advanced Cicerone®


Tuesday, July 13, 2021

Enbeerment’s Lagerbier of the Week: Chapman Pils Dry-Hopped Batch 500


*Originally posted July 13, 2021*

One aspect of the independent craft beer scene that can be a downfall is consistency. This is true whether we are referencing the availability of core beers or variations from batch to batch. Beers take time to make, and it is difficult to execute them consistently every time if that is the intent. It seems to be even more evident with a Lagerbier. Chapman’s Pils defies both. Not only has it been consistently available, as noted with this special 500th batch, but the quality of this Lagerbier has rarely wavered. Chapman Crafted Pils Dry-Hopped Batch 500 is Enbeerment’s Lagerbier of the Week!

This batch is a purposeful variant with the addition of dry-hopping (adding hops at the tail end and/or end of fermentation) with Grüngeist and Saphir hops to highlight this milestone. Dry-hopping is not common practice in traditional Lagerbier production in the old world, but it is one of the defining characters of an Italian Pilsner. Could Pils Batch 500 be classified as an Italian Pilsner? Perhaps. The standard Chapman Pils is already a wonderful Lagerbier with its well attenuated (percentage of fermentable sugar fermented), dry, snappy, and floral aspects. The dry-hopping adds some extra oomph.

Pouring a pale golden yellow with a fluffy cap of foam. Aromas of the combination of Grüngeist and Saphir hops explode out of the glass! Notes lime zest, fresh green tea leaves, underripe peach, grain cereal, and slight sulfur (it’s a good thing, trust me). On the tongue, flavors of lemon rind, crushed mint, cut grass, berry skin, and light white bread underneath it all. Medium body with a soft textured mouthfeel and a bitter, snappy, bone-dry finish with only a bit of fragrant hops that linger.

Pick up a 4-pack and pair it with just about anything! A great paring at any backyard cookout is carne asada or citrus-marinated chicken tacos with a kickin’ salsa. The lime, cilantro, and onion will resonate with the grassy, lemony hops, bitterness will contrast the heat of the salsa, and the carbonation will wash it all away.

Chapman Crafted
123 N Cypress St., Orange, CA 92866
Website, Insta, Facebook

Prost!

Gilbert “Charlie” Perez, Advanced Cicerone®

Tuesday, June 8, 2021

Enbeerment’s Lagerbier of the Week: Stereo Pils



*Originally posted June 8, 2021*

Beginning its life as Sun Medallion, a collaboration with Bearded Tang’s Jon Chiusano, Stereo Pils is a Czech-Style Pilsner that has evolved to be individual and distinct from its first incarnation. This wonderful lager was gained popularity as a draught-only refreshing beer and quickly a crowd and staff favorite at Placentia’s Stereo Brewing. To our delight, Stereo Pils is available in 16oz canned 4-packs to-go for the first time!

The Czech or Bohemian Pilsner style is the lager that influenced (but is not the same as) other pale lagers including German Pils and the American Light Lager. More on the history of Pilsner here. Stereo Pils shows off the marvelous uplifting quality of the style.

Golden in color and brilliantly clear with no chill-haze at all. Zippy, snappy, crisp, purfumy, and rejuvenating. Brewed using 100% floor malted Bohemian Pilsner malt, only Saaz hops, and a clean lager profile to allow the ingredients to shine. A dried cereal malt backbone with lemony, spicy hop aromas laying atop a pillowy cap of foam. Flavors of hay, cut grass, lemon zest, and a round bitter bite on the finish.


Get it while it’s hot… Or cold in this case. Pay them a visit and enjoy your Pils.

Stereo Brewing Company
950 S Vía Rodeo, Placentia, CA 92870


Na Zdraví!

Gilbert “Charlie” Perez, Advanced Cicerone®

Monday, September 28, 2020

Cerveza Cito: Welcome to Santa Ana!



Santa Ana, California is bit of an anomaly when it comes to identity. The rich culture and heritage are visible, audible, and palpable when you walk around downtown with an assortment of modern-day hangouts in the mix. Cerveza Cito is the newest addition to join to ethos of Santa Ana.

The location should be familiar to those familiar with the Orange County beer industry. Cerveza Cito has taken over the location where The Good Beer Company called home for many years. The location was purchased by the grooming product company Sauvecito and, while already having many different products and apparel, now they have a beer brand to add to their ever-growing portfolio.

Kevin Buckley (formerly of Barley Forge) joins as Head Brewer while Brittany Costello (formerly of Backstreet in Anaheim) brings her managing skills to the tasting room and is the creative mind behind their social media. “There will be Mexican infused of classic styles,” Buckley said. “Along with typical ones, we will use Latin ingredients like, lime, habanero, watermelon, mango, and so on,” he added. This is present off the bat with Firme, a Mexican-Style Lager available in both clean or lime and sea salt versions, a watermelon seltzer, and a habanero pineapple blond ale.

Firme Lager is not only a style one would expect to see at a brewery such as this, but it one of the best items on the opening-day menu! A refreshing and crisp lager with just a touch of hop bite and a quintessential clove note that is typical in all commercial mass-market lagers of the same style. The lime and sea salt version only enhance the experience. The Sandia Seltzer is extremely thrust quenching. A pre-opening collaboration with cross-town colleges Santa Ana River Brewing resulted in an Imperial IPA that’s quite wonderful and a must try.


The surrounding atmosphere is full of the hustle and bustle typically found in any downtown area. “The décor in here will calm with and ethnic touch to it,” Costello said about the tasting room. A welcoming and inviting contrast of the busy life outside. The community will feel comfortable stopping in for a beer. “We are building a team based on community and diversity,” she added when pointing out the various backgrounds and experience levels the front of house staff has. Judging by the first impressions, Costello has delivered; the staff was attentive and friendly.

¡Bienvenidos a Santa Ana, chicos! Cerveza Cito is located on 309 W 4th Street and can be found on the Web, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. They will be open to the public beginning October 1st.

¡Salud!

Gilbert “Charlie” Perez, Advanced Cicerone®

Wednesday, April 22, 2020

Data Points to Closures, Oktoberfest Cancelled

Data Points to Closures, Oktoberfest Cancelled 
So, Stay Home and Support when Possible! 

Some Breweries Will Close During this Current Situation,
Data Indicates

 
Oktoberfest in Munich has been cancelled. That will mean the celebrations here locally will have to wait until 2021 as well. If that doesn’t concern you and give credence to how serious the situation is, I don’t know what will. Some hard numbers, perhaps? Earlier this month on April 22, 2020, the Brewers Association released survey results where association members, including breweries, indicated how they are affected by this current situation. The results are upsetting to say the least. However, seeing what has already transpired and knowing what could happen gives us the ability to change course.

According to the survey results, found here, Economist for BA Bart Watson outlines what the 455 sample of respondents had to say. “A majority of breweries do not think their business can last three months given current conditions, suggesting thousands of closings,” Watson predicts.

The survey reveals a massive reduction in sales and the economic impact from having to layoff staff. Although there are some innovative approaches such as the impromptu “drive-thru” beer pick up, delivery, and on-line ordering, the results indicate that is not sustainable without draft sales.

When the sample was asked how long their business could remain in operation with the current social distancing orders in place: 2.5% will close now, 12.7% 1 to 4 weeks, 46.4% 1 to 3 months, 25% 3 to 6 months, 8.3% 6 months to a year, and only 5.1% more than a year.

Watson writes: “As of writing, there are about 8,150 active breweries in the country. If 2.5% of those breweries close, that would mean about 200 closures, 12.7% about 1,035 closures, and 46.4% about 3,785. Based on recent trends, it was likely that 4-5% of the breweries in the country would have closed in 2020 prior to this shock, so while some percentage of these closures and potential closures reflect business that were already struggling, most are brought on solely by this event.”

For a palatable reference point closer to home, apply those percentages to OC, with 50 operating breweries with some brands having a second location with brewing on premise. 12.7% is about 6 brewery closures. This does not include our wonderful mead producers or distilleries.

Although the CARES Act offered some relief, the survey also specifies what some future Acts should include, mainly direct grants and tax incentives. One very reasonable one would be a Spoiled Beer Tax Credit especially since so much beer is going to end up in the drain.


Oktoberfest Will Have to Wait 'Till 2021 in Munich

The cancellation of this year’s Oktoberfest is more than likely a foreshadowing of what’s to come here. Locally, The Phoenix Club in Anaheim, Old World in Huntington Beach, and others rely on the revenue brought in by their very own Oktoberfest celebrations. It is my hope if they indeed do cancel this year’s celebrations that they are able to be creative and find a way to celebrate while still adhering to the social distancing orders.

Knowledge is power. We’ve collected data. We turned that data into information. We can use that information to gain knowledge. Now, more than ever we need the assistance of everyone to make sure we see all our breweries, mead producers, distilleries, pubs, bars, and eateries on the other side of this timeline. Let’s hope the proper influencers show themselves to the powers that be in public office for the assistance our friends need.

Given these data points, we still have plenty of opportunity to change the course of history. Yes, stay home. Keep adhering to the advice of the medical professionals. Don’t be upset or angry about possibly not being able to celebrate Oktoberfest. Instead, see how you can support those establishments in the coming months. Continue to help your local breweries, especially those that may not have as much clout as others.

Cheers, stay safe, stay home, and thank you for your support!

-Gilbert “Charlie” Perez, Advanced Cicerone®

Monday, April 20, 2020

Stay at Home(Brew) Off-flavor: DMS



Stay at Home(Brew)
Off-flavor: DMS

During these times where we are at home for an extended period, homebrewing is seeing an uptick. Whether it be former homebrewers picking up the hobby once more, the avid upping home production, or those taking up the hobby for the first time it can be very rewarding. When homebrewing, one must take care to watch out for common off-flavors that could show up on your finished beer that could put and asterisk on your hard work. Let’s talk about DMS.

Dimethyl Sulfide, or better known by the acronym DMS, is a compound characterized by its distinctive creamed corn or cooked vegetable aroma and flavor. In some extreme cases, it may be reminiscent to rotten vegetables or dead shellfish. Very unappealing in those large quantities.

DMS isn’t always an off-flavor, though. In certain beer styles, a slight note of DMS is acceptable, if not welcomed, and sometimes expected to be there. The American lager family and Cream Ale are great examples of that. Other examples include Kölsch, Helles, German Pils, and other styles may also have a slight hint of DMS as well as other similar styles that may fit the bill.

With that said, it is not a required flavor and not all examples have it. It’s not a flaw if there’s a slight corny note in the background of these styles, although it is not necessarily essential. However, a large presence of DMS is always a flaw.

The origin of Dimethyl Sulfide is found in the grain used to make beer, barley. A compound known as S-Methyl-Methionine (SMM), an amino acid formed in barley during the germination stage of malting is the precursor to DMS. Once germination is completed and the barley begins to sprout, it is then heated, or kilned, to remove moisture. From there it can be kilned further to create a verity of malts. The lightest of kilned malts are only heated for a short while at about 170*F. Not enough heat or time to degrade much of the SMM.

The SMM is released into the wort during the mash but is not converted into DMS until it gets into the boil kettle. SMM is thermally liable and, as it turns out, boiling temperatures are enough to convert it into something else. And that something else is -you guessed it- DMS.

Homebrewers beware: During production, the steam created during wort boil caries a ton of DMS. You may experience a large amount of DMS if they cover their kettle to speed up the boil or to make it more vigorous. All the steam condensates on the lid and drips concentrated basically liquid DMS back down into their boiling wort. A long 90-minute boil is highly recommended. Leave your kettle uncovered!

Commercially, this is an important reason why fans and flues are used to carry the steam away into the atmosphere and not allowing it to condense back into the kettle. A broken or improperly working fan or flue causes the same effect as a covered homebrew kettle.

There’s another compound called Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) that is created when DMS is oxidized usually in the kettle. DMSO is not as volatile as DMS and is not heat sensitive, therefore, it would remain dissolved in the wort even after boiling. DMSO is then reduced into DMS in the fermenter by yeast during fermentation. There have been instances where this can kick-started during dry-hoping, so watch the oxygen exposure.

Since top-fermenting (ale) yeast usually produce a vigorous fermentation, the production of Carbon Dioxide (Co2) literally scrub away some of the DMS compounds out of the fermenter via the blow-off valve or airlock. On the other hand, bottom-fermenting (lager) yeast work much slower. More of the DMS created from DMSO during fermentation can remain in the beer because the Co2 production is not as energetic. This is yet another reason why pale lagers tend to have elevated levels of DMS compared to other styles.

The use of six row barley also tends to increase the production of DMS as well as some bacterial infections if sanitation becomes an issue. The addition of adjuncts such as flaked maize or corn sugar may enhance or confuse the perception of DMS in a finished beer. So that’s something else to keep in mind.

Support local homebrew shops:

743 Baker Street, Suite D, Costa Mesa
1045 N Armando, Suite E, Anaheim

1211 N Las Brisas St., Anaheim

28142 Camino Capistrano #107, Laguna Niguel

5692 Buckingham Drive Huntington Beach

Cheers and happy homebrewing!

-Gilbert “Charlie” Perez, Advanced Cicerone®

Wednesday, May 2, 2018

OC Beer Week 2018

Well, it’s over. OC Beer Week has come and gone and my liver couldn’t be happier. (Ha!) 


What a week it was. There were so many events and meet-ups this year it made it very difficult to choose which ones to attend. I had a great time chatting with friends (including brewers, reps, beertenders, etc… You’re all friends to me) anywhere I went. I kicked things off by visiting Asylum and congratulating them on their 1st year anniversary. Had a chat with Bob at Backstreet, I hung out at Smoqued with Left Coast, drank tasty beers with folks from Green Cheek, Good Beer, Gunwhale, and The Bruery at Provisions Market, and payed a visit to some of my locals such as Bottle Logic and Stereo.


The Invitational was so much fun!! Although the OC Brewers Guild might not have been able to get out of the red on this one, the outcome was some short lines, ample amount of space to walk around, plenty of food, and of course, plenty of beer for everyone! The lack thereof are the biggest complaints or some of the most recent beer festivals and I don’t blame those that voice concerns when a festival becomes a test in patience and disappointment. Not at all the case for this year’s Invitational. There are reasons for the intimate attendance number, but that is something I will not get into at this time, especially because, as an attendee, I feel that was the perfect number of fest-goers.


But what about the beer? Oh, yes. There was beer and there was some outstanding stuff. Worth mentioning are: Table Beer by Benchmark Brewing (San Diego), American Craft Lager by Mike Hess Brewing (San Diego), What Gose Round by Boomtown (Los Angeles), and Murk IPA by Pure Project (San Diego). But my favorite beer of the Invitational was Kona Espress by Hoparazzi. What a mix of flavors and balance! Coffee and tartness sounds off-putting, but the contrast works like magic in this beer. Well done!


Tustin Brewing Company’s (TBC) Beer Dinner was my absolute highlight of the week. The food was amazing, the beers are already tasty, and together was nothing short of incredible! Jerrod Larsen, TBC’s Head Brewer, and General Manager/Head Chef Robert Sentina (with Lead Chef Ivan Perez) put together this impressive dinner in a relatively short order. With the wonderful help of TBC’s hard-working bartenders, dedicated wait staff, and talented kitchen crew, Robert and Jerrod showcased their brilliance at the dinner table.


The cheese and salad pairings were my personal favorites. With three cheeses to choose from and two beers to accompany them, the guests were encouraged to explore and experiment with flavor interactions. I preferred the bitterness of Old Town IPA cutting through the rich, mouthcoating triple cream French cheese and providing a sharp contrast to the pungent blue cheese. Old Town also brought out the spice from the peppercorn cheese with its assertive hop bite and lively carbonation.

For the salad, Jerrod surprised us all by bringing out and aged version of his award-winning sour ale, Jon Flanders. What a treat this was! The salad was crisp and refreshing with a nutty element to provide some contrast. Jon Flanders provided some dark fruit while it balanced the acidity of the champagne vinaigrette and pickled onions and provided a pleasing complement to the bitter greens. Spectacular!

It was a fun week and I thoroughly enjoy seeing so many of us beer lovers out supporting our local breweries in our backyard. Here’s to hopping next year will be just as awesome as this year.

Cheers!
-Gilbert “Charlie” Perez, Certified Cicerone®

Beer & Food Pairing

Awarded: Jan 16, 2022

Awarded To: Gilbert "Charlie" Perez